Department of Philosophy
(Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences)
Philosophy (PHIL) Courses
Introductory Philosophy: Fields, Figures and Problems
What is metaphysics? Who was Socrates? What is Freedom? This introduction sketches many branches of philosophy and the important problems associated with each. It introduces great philosophers, present and past, and traces enduring philosophical themes.
Looking at Philosophy
Introduction to philosophy: the nature of logical thinking; the existence of God; the objectivity of values; the meaning of life; free will, determinism and responsibility; the relation between mind and body; immortality; the possibility of knowledge. This course is not intended for Majors.
Lectures three hours a week.
The Meaning of Life
An introduction to concerns expressed by the perennial philosophical question, "What is the meaning of life?" Students will be familiarized with the major philosophical approaches to life's meaning through a consideration of various contemporary and late modern works in the philosophy of life.
Mind, World, and Knowledge
Introduction to a variety of philosophical works, including contemporary, on such topics as: the nature of being, the mental, the external, consciousness, perception, experience, meaning, truth, the nature of knowledge, scientific understanding, and how language and thought represent the world.
Lectures three hours per week.
Contemporary Moral, Social and Religious Issues
Moral theories, atheism or theism, feminism, and free will. Moral arguments concerning abortion, affirmative action, racism, human rights, children's rights, world hunger, capital punishment, euthanasia, censorship, pornography, legal paternalism, animal rights and environmental protection.
Introduction to Ethics and Social Issues
An introduction to understanding, assessing, and formulating ethical arguments concerning controversial issues. Particular issues studied may include, world hunger, capital punishment, terrorism, euthanasia, abortion, pornography and hate speech, animal rights, the environment, and topics in theories of race, gender and disability.
Great Philosophical Ideas, Part 1
Major figures and developments in philosophy from the early Greeks to the year 1400. Descriptive and comparative approach, providing an understanding of the place of philosophers in the history of thought. Appreciation of critical reasoning is included for comprehending philosophical developments.
Great Philosophical Ideas, Part 2
Major figures and developments in philosophy after the year 1400. Descriptive and comparative approach, providing an understanding of the place of philosophers in the history of thought. Appreciation of critical reasoning is included for comprehending philosophical developments.
Philosophy of Love and Sex
A survey of philosophical classics, on themes of romantic love, self-love, altruistic love, sexuality, eroticism and the passion/reason dichotomy, from Plato's Symposium to Foucault's History of Sexuality; and an examination of related contemporary issues in light of these perspectives.
Introduction to Logic
An introduction to the techniques and philosophical implications of formal logic with emphasis on translation of expressions into symbolic form, testing for logical correctness, the formulation and application of rules of inference, and the relation between logic and language. Open to first-year students.
Critical Thinking
Assessment of reasoning and the development of cogent patterns of thinking. Reference to formal logic is minimal. Practice in criticizing examples of reasoning and in formulating one's own reasons correctly and clearly. Open to first-year students.
Ancient Philosophy: The Search for Wisdom
An exploration of ancient philosophy as a search for wisdom and happiness from its Presocratic beginnings in Greece to its development in the Hellenistic world and Imperial Rome. Emphasis on philosophy as a contemplative activity and as a way of life.
Precludes additional credit for PHIL 2006, CLCV 2006, PHIL 2007, CLCV 2007 (no longer offered).
Prerequisite(s): 0.5 credit in PHIL, or second-year standing.
Lectures three hours a week.
Issues in Theoretical Philosophy
Issues drawn from epistemology, metaphysics, philosophy of mind, philosophy of language, and related fields will be examined through careful study of significant philosophical texts after 1900, along with some ensuing debates.
Lectures and discussion three hours a week.
Issues in Practical Philosophy
Issues drawn from ethics, social and political philosophy, and related fields will be examined through careful study of significant philosophical texts , along with some ensuing debates.
Prerequisite(s): enrolment in Honours or Combined Honours Philosophy programs, or in philosophy, Ethics, and Public Affairs, or permission of the Department.
Lectures and discussion three hours a week.
History of Ethics
An introduction to ethical theories through a study of some of the major figures in moral philosophy, such as Aristotle, Hume, Kant and Mill.
Lectures three hours a week.
Philosophy of Human Rights
Philosophical introduction to human rights sources, concepts, justifications, consequences, and challenges to them. Evolution of selected human rights as a) demands made in political struggles; b) declarations supported by moral or political principles and arguments; c) codes ratified and implemented by governments and international organizations.
Lectures three hours a week.
Information Ethics
An exploration of ethical issues that arise in the Age of Information. Topics to be discussed may include technology, surveillance and privacy, social media and privacy, social media and cognitive bias, bias in algorithms, AI ethics, intellectual property, and freedom of expression and assembly.
Prerequisite(s): a course in philosophy or second-year standing.
Lectures three hours a week.
Philosophy of Technology
Philosophical investigations of the nature of technology and the influence it has on our relationships with others, the natural world, and ourselves. Key themes may include the relation between technology and science and the role of technology in personal identity, social justice, and well-being.
Lectures three hours a week.
Introduction to Marxist Philosophy
The evolution of Marx's social and political views in the setting of 18 th - and 19 th - century anarchism, liberalism and conservatism. Themes of humanism, freedom, rights, the state, democracy, alienation, and inequality, primarily as they develop into the theory of historical materialism.
Prerequisite(s): 0.5 credit in philosophy or permission of the Department.
Lectures three hours a week.
Topics in Marxist Philosophy
The dialectical materialism of Marx, Engels, and Lenin is compared with traditional materialist, idealist, and mechanist philosophy. Marxist views on issues such as equality, ethical objectivity, human well-being, matter and mind, the existence of God, knowledge versus skepticism, freedom of the will, and justice.
Prerequisite(s): PHIL 2201 or 0.5 credit in the history of philosophy at the 2000-level or above.
Lectures three hours a week.
Introduction to the Philosophy of Science
Philosophical issues arising out of the attempt to understand the world scientifically. Topics may include: scientific methodology, revolution, observation, explanation, causation, induction, reduction, the difference between natural and social scientific understanding, realism, instrumentalism, constructivism.
Philosophy and Feminism
A study of philosophical issues arising from feminism. The course includes discussions of the historical roots of feminism, the role of reason and emotion, key concepts such as oppression, sexism, equality and difference, feminism and philosophies of race and of disability, and selected moral/political issues.
Lectures three hours a week.
Gender and Philosophy
Topics may include gender and sex in the history of philosophy, intersections between the politics and theories of gender, sexuality, and race, the place of the body in philosophical theory, the influence of gender and sex on science/social science, and queer/trans issues and politics.
Lectures three hours a week.
Children, Literature, and Philosophy
An exploration of issues at the nexus of philosophy, children’s literature, and childhood studies. Topics may include an examination of children’s books and young adult literature through a philosophical lens, as well as a critical examination of the “philosophy with children” movement.
Prerequisite(s): 0.5 credit in philosophy or second-year standing in a philosophy program, or permission of the department.
Lectures three hours a week.
Happiness, Well-being, and the Good Life
A philosophical exploration of what makes a good human life. Topics may include the role of happiness, well-being, and flourishing in a good life, the relations between these aspects, and the extent to which they depend on luck and social considerations.
Philosophy and Popular Culture
Philosophy is all around us, it permeates culture. This course explores philosophical questions through the lens of popular culture. The material used may include films, shows, music, novels, video games, advertising, comic books, and so on.
Introduction to Environmental Ethics
Major questions in environmental ethics: How should human beings view their relationship to the rest of nature? Is responsible stewardship of the environment compatible with current technology? Must future generations be protected? Do animals, other life forms, endangered species, ecosystems and/or the biosphere have value/rights?.
Lectures three hours a week.
Philosophy of the Paranormal
Examination of claims, concepts, theories and methods in parapsychology. Their scientific character and the relation of paranormal phenomena to philosophical issues such as survival of death, human nature, time, space, causality and perception.
Lectures three hours a week.
Bioethics
Ethical and political issues in medicine, public health, biotechnology, and the life sciences. Topics may include reproductive ethics, research on human subjects, animal research and treatment, justice and health care, physician-patient relationships, death and the end of life, and genetic engineering.
Prerequisite(s): a course in philosophy or second-year standing.
Lectures three hours a week. Tutorials may be offered in selected terms.
Introduction to Philosophy of Mind
An introduction to major philosophical issues concerning human cognition. Topics may include: the relation of mind to body, knowledge of other minds, the relation of mental states to personhood and personal identity, mental illness, consciousness, intentionality, action, mental realism.
Prerequisite(s): a course in philosophy or second-year standing.
Language and Communication
Some of the central topics in the study of language and communication as pursued by linguists and philosophers. The nature of meaning; the connections between language, communication and cognition; language as a social activity.
Precludes additional credit for COMM 2800, LALS 2504, LALS 2800 and PHIL 2800.
Prerequisite(s): second-year standing.
Lectures three hours a week.
Introduction to Philosophical Logic
An introduction to features of rational thinking activity, its expression, and its relation to the world, focusing on such topics as predication, truth, negation, necessity, entailment, logical form, or quantification.
Lectures three hours a week.
Personal Identity and the Self
Philosophical perspectives on personal identity, the self, and the underlying issue of the relationship of the mind to the body. Both philosophical and psychological concepts of identity are discussed, as are related issues such as memory, introspection, and self-knowledge.
Prerequisite(s): a course in philosophy or second-year standing.
Lectures three hours a week.
Moral Psychology
An examination of psychological underpinnings of morality, focusing on studies at the intersection of philosophy, psychiatry, and psychology.
Lectures three hours a week.
Philosophy of Religion
A study of philosophical issues arising from religion. Topics may include: arguments for and against the existence of God, religious experience, death and the afterlife, miracles, God and evil, the relationship between religion and science, and the relationship between religion and ethics.
Prerequisite(s): a course in philosophy or second-year standing.
Lectures three hours a week.
Asian Philosophy
An examination of South Asian and East Asian philosophical texts, from the period of the Upanishads and early Buddhism in India to modern philosophical movements. Historical sources may include Hindu, Buddhist, Jain, Confucian or Taoist texts, with a focus on metaphysical, epistemological or ethical themes.
Lectures three hours a week. May be offered as an online course in selected terms.
Philosophy of Art
Philosophical approaches to the study of art. Topics such as: the nature of art and artistic value; representation and symbolism in art; art and artifice; art and the emotions; art, culture and ideology; post-structuralism and art; theories of creativity; relationship between artworks and audiences.
Truth and Propaganda
Ancient and modern techniques of persuasion from analytical, ethical and jurisprudential perspectives. Objectivity and bias, advertising and public relations ethics, the viability of democracy in the light of pressures on and within the modern mass media.
Prerequisite(s): 0.5 credit in PHIL or second-year standing.
Lectures three hours per week.
Topics in Ancient Philosophy
A study of philosophers, texts, problems and issues in ancient philosophy, generally with a focus on Plato and Aristotle.
Prerequisite(s): 0.5 credit in philosophy and second-year standing, or permission of the department.
Lectures three hours a week.
Early Greek Philosophy
A study of the pre-Socratic Greek philosophers and of the Sophists and Socrates.
Prerequisite(s): CLCV 2105 or PHIL 2005 or permission of the Department.
Lectures three hours a week.
17th Century Philosophy
European philosophy of the 17 th century. Representative works of writers such as Francis Bacon, Descartes, Spinoza, Leibniz, and Locke.
Lectures three hours a week.
18th Century Philosophy
European philosophy of the 18 th century. Representative works of writers such as Berkeley, Hume, and Kant.
Lectures three hours a week.
19th Century Philosophy
European philosophy in the 19 th century. May include Hegel, Marx, Schopenhauer, Kierkegaard, Nietzsche, Mill.
Prerequisite(s): 0.5 credit in philosophy and second-year standing in a philosophy program, or permission of the Department.
Lectures three hours a week.
Topics in European Philosophy
A study of philosophers, texts, problems and issues in any period of European philosophy.
Lectures three hours a week.
Global Philosophical Traditions
A study of philosophers, texts, and doctrines beyond the Western tradition. Traditions covered will vary but may include Asian, African, Muslim or Indigenous philosophy, possibly with critical comparison to Western counterparts.
Prerequisite(s): 0.5 credit in philosophy or second-year standing.
Lectures three hours a week.
Philosophy of Law: The Logic of Law
Legal reasoning and analysis of concepts of particular significance to the law, including justice, rights and duties, liability, punishment, ownership and possession.
Prerequisite(s): 0.5 credit in philosophy or permission of the Department.
Lectures three hours a week.
The Roots of Analytic Philosophy
In the context of the work of such writers as Frege and Bradley, a discussion of early philosophical works of Russell, Moore and Wittgenstein. In addition some early representatives of positivism and pragmatism may be examined.
Lectures and seminar three hours a week.
Epistemology
Fundamental issues concerning the relation between evidence, rationality, and knowledge. Topics may include: skepticism, the nature of belief, the structure of justification, the relative contributions of reason and sense experience to knowledge, innate knowledge, the problem of induction, and the knowledge of other minds.
Prerequisite(s): 0.5 credit in philosophy and third-year standing in a philosophy program or permission of the department.
Metaphysics
Philosophical issues concerning the fundamental nature of being. Topics may include: time and temporality, space, substance, universals/particulars, identity, causation, freedom/determinism, the nature of norms.
Prerequisite(s): 0.5 credit in philosophy and third-year standing in a philosophy program, or permission of the department.
Issues in the Philosophy of Science
Selected topic(s) in the philosophy of science, such as its relationship to values, or in the philosophy of a particular science (such as philosophy of mathematics, philosophy of physics, philosophy of biology, and philosophy of the social sciences).
Symbolic Logic
A review of the basic techniques of propositional and predicate logic. Natural deduction and consistency trees. Soundness and completeness. Alternative semantics. Extensions to basic logic: identity, modal logic with possible world semantics, three valued systems, deontic logic.
Prerequisite(s): PHIL 2001 or permission of the Department.
Lectures three hours a week.
Contemporary Ethical Theory
Critical study of modern ethical theories, their views on the nature of morality and the justification of moral claims. Topics may include utilitarianism, libertarianism, communitarianism, egoism, neo-Kantianism, virtue ethics, social contract ethics, feminist ethics, and moral rights.
Prerequisite(s): PHIL 2020 or PHIL 2101 or permission of the department.
Lectures three hours a week.
Topics in History of Social and Political Philosophy
A critical examination of selected topics and perspectives in the history of social and political philosophy.
Prerequisite(s): a course in philosophy or second-year standing.
Lectures three hours a week.
Topics in Contemporary Social and Political Philosophy
A critical examination of some contemporary approaches to topics in social and political philosophy, such as liberalism, feminism, contractarianism, Marxism, libertarianism, and communitarianism.
Prerequisite(s): a course in philosophy or second-year standing.
Lectures three hours a week.
Philosophy, Ethics, and Public Affairs
Advanced study of a set of public policy issues, a particular theory or group of theories, or a particular philosopher, concerning philosophical and ethical aspects of public affairs.
Lectures three hours a week.
Philosophy, Economics, and Public Policy
The course explores issues at the intersection of philosophy and economics, with a special focus on socially and politically relevant issues. Topics may include: efficiency, cooperation, equity and distributive justice, commodification and the moral limits of markets.
Lectures three hours a week.
Environments, Technology and Values
Advanced treatment of ethical issues concerning technologies and environments, including: sustainable development, women and the environment, biological diversity, intrinsic or natural value or rights of non-humans, humans' relation to the rest of the natural world, obligations to future generations, liberty versus equality.
Prerequisite(s): PHIL 1804 or PHIL 2380 and third-year standing, or permission of the Department.
Lectures three hours a week.
Topics in Aesthetics
Topics may include theories of aesthetic norms and valuation from ancient Greece onward, or applications of aesthetic theory to various genres of art.
Prerequisite(s): At least 0.5 credit in philosophy, or HUMS 1000, or ARTH 2807, or permission of the Department.
Seminar two hours a week.
Philosophy of Cognitive Science
Philosophical issues arising from cognitive science. Topics may include: the proper methodology for studying the mind, the very possibility of a “science of mind”, the computer model of the mind and reactions to it.
Mind and Action
Philosophical thought concerning the relation between mentality and agency. Topics may include: the relation between belief, desire, and behaviour; rationality and normativity; representing and doing; subjectivity and intersubjectivity; physical and psychological laws; mental causation. Authors may include: Wittgenstein, Heidegger, Ryle, Sellars, Anscombe, Davidson, Taylor, McDowell.
Pragmatics
The study of language use in its conversational and cultural contexts. Topics include: conversational implicature; deixis; the semantics-pragmatics boundary; speaker's reference; speech acts. May include cross-cultural pragmatics.
Precludes additional credit for LALS 2800 [1.0], LALS 3504, MCOM 2800 [1.0], MCOM 3504 and PHIL 2800 [1.0].
Prerequisite(s): third-year standing, and one of FYSM 1206, LALS 1000, LALS 1001, LING 1001, PHIL 2001, PHIL/LALS/LING/COMM/MCOM 2504 or LALS/LING 3505/PHIL 3506; or permission of the Department of Philosophy or School of Linguistics and Applied Language Studies.
Lectures three hours a week.
Semantics
Study of language meaning. Lexical meaning and meanings of larger linguistic expressions, including nominal units, verbal units, and sentences. Meaning relationships between utterances. Relationship between linguistic meaning (semantics) and contextual meaning (pragmatics). Basic formal treatments of semantics.
Precludes additional credit for LALS 3505.
Prerequisite(s): third-year standing, and one of LALS 1000, LALS 1001, LING 1001, PHIL 2001, PHIL/LALS/LING/COMM/MCOM 2504 or PHIL/LALS/LING 3504; or permission of the Department of Philosophy or School of Linguistics and Applied Language Studies.
Lectures three hours a week.
Philosophy of Language
An intensive introduction to philosophy of language. Topics may include meaning, reference and truth, speech acts, the nature of concepts, language learning, metaphor, compositionality, context-sensitivity.
Lectures three hours a week.
Philosophy of Emotions
Emotions are central to human experience and widely studied in philosophy and science. In order to better understand them and their role in our lives, this course explores philosophical questions about emotions as they arise in philosophy of mind and cognitive science, ethics, and aesthetics.
Independent Study
Essays and/or examinations based on a list of readings provided by the instructor.
Independent Study
Essays and/or examinations based on a list of readings provided by the instructor.
Independent Study
Essays and/or examinations based on a list of readings provided by the instructor.
Independent Study
Essays and/or examinations based on a bibliography constructed by the student in consultation with the instructor.
Independent Study
Essays and/or examinations based on a bibliography constructed by the student in consultation with the instructor.
Independent Study
Essays and/or examinations based on a bibliography constructed by the student in consultation with the instructor.
Seminar in philosophy Before the Modern Period
Detailed study of selected philosophers or issues in philosophy before the modern period.
Also offered at the graduate level, with different requirements, as PHIL 5600, for which additional credit is precluded.
Seminar three hours a week.
Seminar in philosophy Before the Modern Period
Detailed study of selected philosophers or issues in philosophy before the modern period.
Also offered at the graduate level, with different requirements, as PHIL 5600, for which additional credit is precluded.
Seminar three hours a week.
Seminar in Modern Philosophy
Detailed study of selected philosophers or issues in modern philosophy.
Also offered at the graduate level, with different requirements, as PHIL 5600, for which additional credit is precluded.
Seminar three hours a week.
Seminar in Modern Philosophy
Detailed study of selected philosophers or issues in modern philosophy.
Also offered at the graduate level, with different requirements, as PHIL 5600, for which additional credit is precluded.
Seminar three hours a week.
Seminar in Contemporary Philosophy
Detailed study of selected philosophers or issues in contemporary philosophy.
Also offered at the graduate level, with different requirements, as PHIL 5500, for which additional credit is precluded.
Seminar three hours a week.
Seminar in Contemporary Philosophy
Detailed study of selected philosophers or issues in contemporary philosophy.
Also offered at the graduate level, with different requirements, as PHIL 5500, for which additional credit is precluded.
Seminar three hours a week.
Lexical Semantics
Study of the meaning of words. Topics may include lexical decomposition, meaning variation, lexical relations, and lexical aspect.
Precludes additional credit for LING 4055 (no longer offered).
Prerequisite(s): LING 3505 or PHIL 3506.
Also offered at the graduate level, with different requirements, as LING 5510 and PHIL 5660, for which additional credit is precluded.
Seminars three hours a week.
Special Topic
Detailed study of a special topic in philosophy.
Also offered at the graduate level, with different requirements, as PHIL 5000, for which additional credit is precluded.
Seminar three hours a week.
Seminar in Philosophy of Language or Linguistics
Detailed study of selected issues or the work of selected philosophers in philosophy of language or on philosophical topics in linguistics.
Also offered at the graduate level, with different requirements, as PHIL 5200, for which additional credit is precluded.
Seminar three hours a week.
Seminar in philosophy of Mind or Cognition
Detailed study of selected issues or the work of selected philosophers in philosophy of mind or philosophical aspects of cognition.
Also offered at the graduate level, with different requirements, as PHIL 5200, for which additional credit is precluded.
Seminar three hours a week.
Seminar in Metaphysics, Epistemology, or Philosophy of Science
Detailed study of selected issues or the work of selected philosophers in metaphysics, epistemology, or philosophy of science.
Also offered at the graduate level, with different requirements, as PHIL 5250, for which additional credit is precluded.
Seminar three hours a week.
Seminar in Ethical Theory or Meta-Ethics
Detailed study of selected issues pertaining to ethical theory or issues of meta-ethics such as realism, relativism, moral knowledge.
Also offered at the graduate level, with different requirements, as PHIL 5300, for which additional credit is precluded.
Seminar three hours a week.
Seminar in Ethics or Moral Philosophy
Detailed study of selected issues in ethics or moral philosophy.
Also offered at the graduate level, with different requirements, as PHIL 5350, for which additional credit is precluded.
Seminar three hours a week.
Seminar in Social or Political Philosophy
Detailed study of selected issues in social or political philosophy.
Also offered at the graduate level, with different requirements, as PHIL 5350, for which additional credit is precluded.
Seminar three hours a week.
Special Topic in Applied Ethics
Detailed study of a special topic in applied ethics.
Seminar two hours a week.
Special Topic in Applied Ethics
Detailed study of a special topic in applied ethics.
Seminar two hours a week.
Special Topic in Aesthetics or Philosophy of Art
Detailed study of a special issue or a single author in aesthetics and/or philosophy of art.
Seminar two hours a week.
Special Topic in Aesthetics or Philosophy of Art
Detailed study of a special issue or a single author in aesthetics and/or philosophy of art.
Seminar two hours a week.
Special Topic in Philosophy of Law
Detailed study of a special topic in philosophy of law.
Prerequisite(s): eligibility for fourth-year standing in a Law or Philosophy Honours program or permission of either Department.
Seminars three hours a week.
Special Topic in Philosophy of Law
Detailed study of a special topic in philosophy of law.
Prerequisite(s): eligibility for fourth-year standing in a Law or Philosophy Honours program or permission of either Department.
Seminars three hours a week.
Special Topic in Philosophy of Computing
Detailed study of a special topic in philosophy of computing.
Seminar two hours a week.
Special Topic in Philosophy of Computing
Detailed study of a special topic in philosophy of computing.
Seminar two hours a week.
Formal Semantics
Advanced topics in compositional semantics and its interfaces. Topics may include: logic, semantic types, lambda calculus, intentional contexts, possible world semantics, interfaces with syntax and pragmatics quantification, anaphora, presupposition, implicatures, scope and binding, and model theory.
Precludes additional credit for LALS 4507 (no longer offered).
Prerequisite(s): LALS 3505 or LING 3505 or PHIL 3506 or permission of the Department of Philosophy or School of Linguistics and Language Studies.
Seminars three hours a week.
Special Topic in Feminist Philosophy
Detailed study of a special topic in feminist philosophy.
Seminar two hours a week.
Special Topic in Feminist Philosophy
Detailed study of a special topic in feminist philosophy.
Seminar two hours a week.
Special Topic in Continental Philosophy
Seminar two hours a week.
Special Topic in Continental Philosophy
Seminar two hours a week.
Special Topic in Logic
Detailed study of a special topic in Logic.
Seminar two hours a week.
Special Topic in Logic
Detailed study of a special topic in Logic.
Seminar two hours a week.
Special Topic in Philosophical Logic
Detailed study of a special topic in Philosophical Logic.
Seminar two hours a week.
Special Topic in Philosophical Logic
Detailed study of a special topic in Philosophical Logic.
Seminar two hours a week.
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Note: Not all courses listed are offered in a given year. For an up-to-date statement of course offerings for the current session and to determine the term of offering, consult the class schedule at central.carleton.ca.
Summer session: some of the courses listed in this Calendar are offered during the summer. Hours and scheduling for summer session courses will differ significantly from those reported in the fall/winter Calendar. To determine the scheduling and hours for summer session classes, consult the class schedule at central.carleton.ca