School of Linguistics and Language Studies
(Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences)
613-520-6612
http://carleton.ca/slals
This section presents the requirements for programs in:
- B.Sc. Honours in Linguistics with a Concentration in Linguistic Theory (Computer Science)
- B.Sc. Honours in Linguistics with a Concentration in Linguistic Theory (Neuroscience)
- B.Sc. Honours in Linguistics with a Concentration in Linguistic Theory (Psychology)
- B.Sc. Honours in Linguistics with a Concentration in Psycholinguistics and Communication Disorders (Computer Science)
- B.Sc. Honours in Linguistics with a Concentration in Psycholinguistics and Communication Disorders (Neuroscience)
- B.Sc. Honours in Linguistics with a Concentration in Psycholinguistics and Communication Disorders (Psychology)
B.Sc. Honours in Linguistics
with a Concentration in Linguistic Theory (Computer Science) (20.0 credits)
A. Credits Included in the Major CGPA (9.0 credits) | ||
1. 1.0 credit in: | 1.0 | |
ALDS 1001 [0.5] | Language Matters: Introduction to ALDS | |
LING 1001 [0.5] | Introduction to Linguistics I | |
2. 1.0 credit in: | 1.0 | |
LING 2005 [0.5] | Linguistic Analysis | |
LING 2007 [0.5] | Phonetics | |
3. 1.0 credit in: | 1.0 | |
LING 3004 [0.5] | Syntax I | |
LING 3007 [0.5] | Phonology I | |
4. 1.0 credit in LING at the 4000-level | 1.0 | |
5. 1.5 credits in LING, excluding LING 1100 | 1.5 | |
6. 3.5 credits from the Concentration | 3.5 | |
a. 1.0 credit in: | ||
LING 3005 [0.5] | Morphology I | |
LING 3505 [0.5] | Semantics | |
b. 1.0 credit from: | ||
LING 4004 [0.5] | Syntax II | |
LING 4005 [0.5] | Morphology II | |
LING 4007 [0.5] | Phonology II | |
LING 4505 [0.5] | Formal Semantics | |
LING 4510 [0.5] | Lexical Semantics | |
c. 1.5 credits in LING, excluding LING 1100 | ||
B. Credits Not Included in the Major CGPA (11.0 credits) | ||
7. 4.0 credits in Computer Science Requirements | 4.0 | |
a. 1.5 credits in: | ||
COMP 1005 [0.5] | Introduction to Computer Science I | |
COMP 1006 [0.5] | Introduction to Computer Science II | |
COMP 1805 [0.5] | Discrete Structures I | |
b. 1.5 credits in: | ||
COMP 2401 [0.5] | Introduction to Systems Programming | |
COMP 2402 [0.5] | Abstract Data Types and Algorithms | |
COMP 2404 [0.5] | Introduction to Software Engineering | |
c. 1.0 credit from: | ||
COMP 2406 [0.5] | Fundamentals of Web Applications | |
COMP 2804 [0.5] | Discrete Structures II | |
COMP 3000 [0.5] | Operating Systems | |
COMP 3002 [0.5] | Compiler Construction | |
COMP 3004 [0.5] | Object-Oriented Software Engineering | |
COMP 3005 [0.5] | Database Management Systems | |
COMP 3007 [0.5] | Programming Paradigms | |
COMP 3008 [0.5] | Human-Computer Interaction | |
8. 1.0 credit in: | 1.0 | |
MATH 1007 [0.5] | Elementary Calculus I | |
MATH 1107 [0.5] | Linear Algebra I | |
9. 6.0 credits in free electives | 6.0 | |
C. Additional Requirements | ||
10. School Language Proficiency Requirement must be satisfied | ||
11. Bachelor of Science Experimental Science Requirement must be satisfied | ||
Total Credits | 20.0 |
B.Sc. Honours in Linguistics
with a Concentration in Linguistic Theory (Neuroscience) (20.0 credits)
A. Credits Included in the Major CGPA (9.0 credits) | ||
1. 1.0 credit in: | 1.0 | |
ALDS 1001 [0.5] | Language Matters: Introduction to ALDS | |
LING 1001 [0.5] | Introduction to Linguistics I | |
2. 1.0 credit in: | 1.0 | |
LING 2005 [0.5] | Linguistic Analysis | |
LING 2007 [0.5] | Phonetics | |
3. 1.0 credit in: | 1.0 | |
LING 3004 [0.5] | Syntax I | |
LING 3007 [0.5] | Phonology I | |
4. 1.0 credit in LING at the 4000 level | 1.0 | |
5. 1.5 credits in LING, excluding LING 1100 | 1.5 | |
6. 3.5 credits from the Concentration: | 3.5 | |
a. 1.0 credit in: | ||
LING 3005 [0.5] | Morphology I | |
LING 3505 [0.5] | Semantics | |
b. 1.0 credit from: | ||
LING 4004 [0.5] | Syntax II | |
LING 4005 [0.5] | Morphology II | |
LING 4007 [0.5] | Phonology II | |
LING 4505 [0.5] | Formal Semantics | |
LING 4510 [0.5] | Lexical Semantics | |
c. 1.5 credits in LING, excluding LING 1100 | ||
B. Credits Not Included in the Major CGPA (11.0 credits) | ||
7. 3.5 credits in Neuroscience | 3.5 | |
a. 2.0 credits in: | ||
NEUR 1202 [0.5] | Neuroscience of Mental Health and Psychiatric Disease | |
NEUR 1203 [0.5] | Neuroscience of Mental Health and Neurological Disease | |
NEUR 2001 [0.5] | Introduction to Research Methods in Neuroscience | |
NEUR 2002 [0.5] | Introduction to Statistics in Neuroscience | |
b. 1.5 credits from: | ||
NEUR 2201 [0.5] | Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience | |
NEUR 2202 [0.5] | Neurodevelopment and Plasticity | |
NEUR 3206 [0.5] | Sensory and Motor Neuroscience | |
NEUR 3207 [0.5] | Systems Neuroscience | |
NEUR 3303 [0.5] | The Neuroscience of Consciousness | |
8. 1.5 credits in: | 1.5 | |
BIOL 1103 [0.5] | Foundations of Biology I | |
BIOL 1104 [0.5] | Foundations of Biology II | |
BIOL 3306 [0.5] | Human Anatomy and Physiology | |
9. 1.0 credit from: | 1.0 | |
General Chemistry I General Chemistry II | ||
Elementary Chemistry I Elementary Chemistry II | ||
10. 1.0 credit in: | 1.0 | |
MATH 1007 [0.5] | Elementary Calculus I | |
MATH 1107 [0.5] | Linear Algebra I | |
11. 4.0 credits in free electives | 4.0 | |
C. Additional Requirements | ||
12. School Language Proficiency Requirement must be satisfied | ||
Total Credits | 20.0 |
B.Sc. Honours in Linguistics
with a Concentration in Linguistic Theory (Psychology) (20.0 credits)
A. Credits included in the Major CGPA (9.0 credits) | ||
1. 1.0 credit in: | 1.0 | |
ALDS 1001 [0.5] | Language Matters: Introduction to ALDS | |
LING 1001 [0.5] | Introduction to Linguistics I | |
2. 1.0 credit in: | 1.0 | |
LING 2005 [0.5] | Linguistic Analysis | |
LING 2007 [0.5] | Phonetics | |
3. 1.0 credit in: | 1.0 | |
LING 3004 [0.5] | Syntax I | |
LING 3007 [0.5] | Phonology I | |
4. 1.0 credit in LING at the 4000 level | 1.0 | |
5. 1.5 credits in LING, excluding LING 1100 | 1.5 | |
6. 3.5 credits from the Concentration: | 3.5 | |
a. 1.0 credit in: | ||
LING 3005 [0.5] | Morphology I | |
LING 3505 [0.5] | Semantics | |
b. 1.0 credit from: | ||
LING 4004 [0.5] | Syntax II | |
LING 4005 [0.5] | Morphology II | |
LING 4007 [0.5] | Phonology II | |
LING 4505 [0.5] | Formal Semantics | |
LING 4510 [0.5] | Lexical Semantics | |
c. 1.5 credits in LING (excluding LING 1100) | ||
B. Credits Not Included inthe Major CGPA (11.0 credits) | ||
7. 3.5 credits in Psychology: | 3.5 | |
a. 2.0 credits in: | ||
PSYC 1001 [0.5] | Introduction to Psychology I | |
PSYC 1002 [0.5] | Introduction to Psychology II | |
PSYC 2001 [0.5] | Introduction to Research Methods in Psychology | |
PSYC 2002 [0.5] | Introduction to Statistics in Psychology | |
b. 1.5 credits from: | ||
PSYC 2307 [0.5] | Human Neuropsychology I | |
PSYC 2700 [0.5] | Introduction to Cognitive Psychology | |
PSYC 3307 [0.5] | Human Neuropsychology II | |
PSYC 3506 [0.5] | Cognitive Development | |
PSYC 3702 [0.5] | Perception | |
8. 1.5 credits in: | 1.5 | |
BIOL 1103 [0.5] | Foundations of Biology I | |
BIOL 1104 [0.5] | Foundations of Biology II | |
BIOL 3306 [0.5] | Human Anatomy and Physiology | |
9. 1.0 credit from: | 1.0 | |
General Chemistry I General Chemistry II | ||
Elementary Chemistry I Elementary Chemistry II | ||
10. 1.0 credit in: | 1.0 | |
MATH 1007 [0.5] | Elementary Calculus I | |
MATH 1107 [0.5] | Linear Algebra I | |
11. 4.0 credits in free electives | 4.0 | |
C. Additional Requirements | ||
12. School Language Proficiency Requirement must be satisfied | ||
Total Credits | 20.0 |
B.Sc. Honours in Linguistics
with a Concentration in Psycholinguistics and Communication Disorders (Computer Science) (20.0 credits)
A. Credits Included in the Major CGPA (9.0 credits) | ||
1. 1.0 credit in: | 1.0 | |
ALDS 1001 [0.5] | Language Matters: Introduction to ALDS | |
LING 1001 [0.5] | Introduction to Linguistics I | |
2. 1.0 credit in: | 1.0 | |
LING 2005 [0.5] | Linguistic Analysis | |
LING 2007 [0.5] | Phonetics | |
3. 1.0 credit in: | 1.0 | |
LING 3004 [0.5] | Syntax I | |
LING 3007 [0.5] | Phonology I | |
4. 1.0 credit in LING at the 4000-level | 1.0 | |
5. 1.5 credits in LING, excluding LING 1100 | 1.5 | |
6. 3.5 credits from the Concentration | 3.5 | |
a. 0.5 credit in: | ||
LING 1002 [0.5] | Introduction to Linguistics II | |
b. 2.0 credits in: | ||
LING 2604 [0.5] | Communication Differences and Disabilities I | |
LING 3601 [0.5] | Language Processing and the Brain | |
LING 3603 [0.5] | Child Language | |
LING 3604 [0.5] | Communication Differences and Disabilities II | |
c. 1.0 credit from: | ||
LING 4601 [0.5] | Cognitive Neuroscience of Language | |
LING 4603 [0.5] | First Language Acquisition | |
LING 4605 [0.5] | Psycholinguistic Research Methods | |
LING 4606 [0.5] | Statistics for Language Research | |
B. Credits Not Included in the Major CGPA (11.0 credits) | ||
7. 4.0 credits in Computer Science Requirements | 4.0 | |
a. 1.5 credits in: | ||
COMP 1005 [0.5] | Introduction to Computer Science I | |
COMP 1006 [0.5] | Introduction to Computer Science II | |
COMP 1805 [0.5] | Discrete Structures I | |
b. 1.5 credits in: | ||
COMP 2401 [0.5] | Introduction to Systems Programming | |
COMP 2402 [0.5] | Abstract Data Types and Algorithms | |
COMP 2404 [0.5] | Introduction to Software Engineering | |
c. 1.0 credit from: | ||
COMP 2406 [0.5] | Fundamentals of Web Applications | |
COMP 2804 [0.5] | Discrete Structures II | |
COMP 3000 [0.5] | Operating Systems | |
COMP 3002 [0.5] | Compiler Construction | |
COMP 3004 [0.5] | Object-Oriented Software Engineering | |
COMP 3005 [0.5] | Database Management Systems | |
COMP 3007 [0.5] | Programming Paradigms | |
COMP 3008 [0.5] | Human-Computer Interaction | |
8. 1.0 credit in: | 1.0 | |
MATH 1007 [0.5] | Elementary Calculus I | |
MATH 1107 [0.5] | Linear Algebra I | |
9. 6.0 credits in free electives | 6.0 | |
C. Additional Requirements | ||
10. School Language Proficiency Requirement must be satisfied | ||
11. Bachelor of Science Experimental Science Requirement must be satisfied | ||
Total Credits | 20.0 |
B.Sc. Honours in Linguistics
with a Concentration in Psycholinguistics and Communication Disorders (Neuroscience) (20.0 credits)
A. Credits Included in the Major CGPA (9.0 credits) | ||
1. 1.0 credit in: | 1.0 | |
ALDS 1001 [0.5] | Language Matters: Introduction to ALDS | |
LING 1001 [0.5] | Introduction to Linguistics I | |
2. 1.0 credit in: | 1.0 | |
LING 2005 [0.5] | Linguistic Analysis | |
LING 2007 [0.5] | Phonetics | |
3. 1.0 credit in: | 1.0 | |
LING 3004 [0.5] | Syntax I | |
LING 3007 [0.5] | Phonology I | |
4. 1.0 credit in LING at the 4000 level | 1.0 | |
5. 1.5 credits in LING, excluding LING 1100 | 1.5 | |
6. 3.5 credits from the Concentration: | ||
a. 0.5 credit in: | 0.5 | |
LING 1002 [0.5] | Introduction to Linguistics II | |
b. 2.0 credits in: | 2.0 | |
LING 2604 [0.5] | Communication Differences and Disabilities I | |
LING 3601 [0.5] | Language Processing and the Brain | |
LING 3603 [0.5] | Child Language | |
LING 3604 [0.5] | Communication Differences and Disabilities II | |
c. 1.0 credit from: | 1.0 | |
LING 4601 [0.5] | Cognitive Neuroscience of Language | |
LING 4603 [0.5] | First Language Acquisition | |
LING 4605 [0.5] | Psycholinguistic Research Methods | |
LING 4606 [0.5] | Statistics for Language Research | |
B. Credits Not Included in the Major CGPA (11.0 credits) | ||
7. 3.5 credits in Neuroscience: | 3.5 | |
a. 2.0 credits in: | ||
NEUR 1202 [0.5] | Neuroscience of Mental Health and Psychiatric Disease | |
NEUR 1203 [0.5] | Neuroscience of Mental Health and Neurological Disease | |
NEUR 2001 [0.5] | Introduction to Research Methods in Neuroscience | |
NEUR 2002 [0.5] | Introduction to Statistics in Neuroscience | |
b. 1.5 credits from: | ||
NEUR 2201 [0.5] | Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience | |
NEUR 2202 [0.5] | Neurodevelopment and Plasticity | |
NEUR 3206 [0.5] | Sensory and Motor Neuroscience | |
NEUR 3207 [0.5] | Systems Neuroscience | |
NEUR 3303 [0.5] | The Neuroscience of Consciousness | |
8. 1.5 credits in: | 1.5 | |
BIOL 1103 [0.5] | Foundations of Biology I | |
BIOL 1104 [0.5] | Foundations of Biology II | |
BIOL 3306 [0.5] | Human Anatomy and Physiology | |
9. 1.0 credit from: | 1.0 | |
General Chemistry I General Chemistry II | ||
Elementary Chemistry I Elementary Chemistry II | ||
10. 1.0 credit in: | 1.0 | |
MATH 1007 [0.5] | Elementary Calculus I | |
MATH 1107 [0.5] | Linear Algebra I | |
11. 4.0 credits in free electives | 4.0 | |
C. Additional Requirements | ||
12. School Language Proficiency Requirement must be satisfied | ||
Total Credits | 20.0 |
B.Sc. Honours in Linguistics
with a Concentration in Psycholinguistics and Communication Disorders (Psychology) (20.0 credits)
A. Credits Included in the Major CGPA (9.0 credits) | ||
1. 1.0 credit in: | 1.0 | |
ALDS 1001 [0.5] | Language Matters: Introduction to ALDS | |
LING 1001 [0.5] | Introduction to Linguistics I | |
2. 1.0 credit in: | 1.0 | |
LING 2005 [0.5] | Linguistic Analysis | |
LING 2007 [0.5] | Phonetics | |
3. 1.0 credit in: | 1.0 | |
LING 3004 [0.5] | Syntax I | |
LING 3007 [0.5] | Phonology I | |
4. 1.0 credit in LING at the 4000 level | 1.0 | |
5. 1.5 credits in LING, excluding LING 1100 | 1.5 | |
6. 3.5 credits from the Concentration | ||
a. 0.5 credit in: | 0.5 | |
LING 1002 [0.5] | Introduction to Linguistics II | |
b. 2.0 credits in: | 2.0 | |
LING 2604 [0.5] | Communication Differences and Disabilities I | |
LING 3601 [0.5] | Language Processing and the Brain | |
LING 3603 [0.5] | Child Language | |
LING 3604 [0.5] | Communication Differences and Disabilities II | |
c. 1.0 credit from: | 1.0 | |
LING 4601 [0.5] | Cognitive Neuroscience of Language | |
LING 4603 [0.5] | First Language Acquisition | |
LING 4605 [0.5] | Psycholinguistic Research Methods | |
LING 4606 [0.5] | Statistics for Language Research | |
B. Credits Not Included in the Major CGPA (11.0 credits) | ||
7. 3.5 credits in Psychology: | 3.5 | |
a. 2.0 credits in: | ||
PSYC 1001 [0.5] | Introduction to Psychology I | |
PSYC 1002 [0.5] | Introduction to Psychology II | |
PSYC 2001 [0.5] | Introduction to Research Methods in Psychology | |
PSYC 2002 [0.5] | Introduction to Statistics in Psychology | |
b. 1.5 credits from: | ||
PSYC 2307 [0.5] | Human Neuropsychology I | |
PSYC 2700 [0.5] | Introduction to Cognitive Psychology | |
PSYC 3307 [0.5] | Human Neuropsychology II | |
PSYC 3506 [0.5] | Cognitive Development | |
PSYC 3702 [0.5] | Perception | |
8. 1.5 credits in: | 1.5 | |
BIOL 1103 [0.5] | Foundations of Biology I | |
BIOL 1104 [0.5] | Foundations of Biology II | |
BIOL 3306 [0.5] | Human Anatomy and Physiology | |
9. 1.0 credit from: | 1.0 | |
General Chemistry I General Chemistry II | ||
Elementary Chemistry I Elementary Chemistry II | ||
10. 1.0 credit in: | 1.0 | |
MATH 1007 [0.5] | Elementary Calculus I | |
MATH 1107 [0.5] | Linear Algebra I | |
11. 4.0 credits in free electives | 4.0 | |
C. Additional Requirements | ||
12. School Language Proficiency Requirement must be satisfied | ||
Total Credits | 20.0 |
Linguistics (LING) Courses
Introduction to Linguistics I
Nature of language and linguistic knowledge. Formal description and analysis of language: phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax and semantics.
Introduction to Linguistics II
Survey of topics in linguistics: language change, sociolinguistics, language acquisition and processing. May include language typology, language contact and writing systems.
The Mysteries of Language
This course explores some intriguing mysteries of language - whether it is unique to humans, how children master its complexities so easily, how the brain handles language, how languages are born and die. These questions lead us to interesting discoveries about the human mind.
Linguistic Analysis
Phonological, morphological and syntactic analysis of linguistic data. Coursework consists primarily of practical exercises in data analysis.
Prerequisite(s): LING 1001.
Lecture and tutorial three hours a week.
Phonetics
Description of speech sounds; transcription systems; articulation; acoustics of speech sounds; perception of speech sounds; cross-linguistic diversity and phonetic universals; the role of phonetics in grammar.
Precludes additional credit for LING 2001 (no longer offered).
Prerequisite(s): LING 1001.
Lecture and tutorial three hours a week.
Language and Communication
Some of the central topics in the study of language and communication as pursued by linguists and philosophers. Topics include: the nature of meaning; the connections between language, communication and cognition; language as a social activity.
Prerequisite(s): second-year standing.
Lectures three hours a week.
Communication Differences and Disabilities I
A survey course highlighting a variety of communication differences and disabilities. Specific topics vary from year to year but typically will include speech, language, fluency and hearing differences and disabilities.
Prerequisite(s): second year standing or permission of the instructor.
Lectures three hours a week.
History of the English Language
A historical study of the English language, its structure, variety, and cultural contexts,with an introduction to grammatical terminology and constructions.
Prerequisite(s): second-year standing or permission of the department.
Lectures three hours a week.
Syntax I
Introduction to syntactic theory. Representation and analysis of sentence structure, syntactic relations and syntactic dependencies. Testing of grammatical hypotheses.
Prerequisite(s): LING 2005.
Lecture and tutorial three hours a week.
Morphology I
Introduction to word structure and morphological theory. Topics include inflectional and derivational morphology, morphological processes, and interaction of morphology with phonology and syntax.
Prerequisite(s): LING 2005 and LING 2007.
Lectures three hours a week.
Phonology I
The sound-systems of languages, analysis of phonological structure; generative phonology; phonological rules and derivations; cross-linguistic diversity and universals; segmental phonology; stress; tone.
Precludes additional credit for LING 3002 (no longer offered).
Prerequisite(s): LING 2001 (no longer offered) or LING 2007.
Lecture and tutorial three hours a week.
Special Topic in Linguistics
Selected topics in general linguistics not ordinarily treated in the regular course program. Contents of the course vary from year to year.
Pragmatics
The study of language in its conversational and cultural contexts. Topics include: conversational implicature; deixis; the semantics-pragmatics boundary; speaker's reference; speech acts. May include cross-cultural pragmatics.
Prerequisite(s): third-year standing, and one of LING 1001, PHIL 2001, PHIL 2504/COMS 2504/LING 2504 or PHIL 3506, or LING 3505 or permission of the Department of Philosophy or School of Linguistics and Language Studies.
Lectures three hours a week.
Semantics
Study of language meaning. Lexical meaning and meanings of larger linguistic expressions, including nominal units, verbal units, and sentences. Meaning relationships between utterances. Relationship between linguistic meaning (semantics) and contextual meaning (pragmatics). Basic formal treatments of semantics.
Prerequisite(s): third-year standing, and one of LING 1001, PHIL 2001, PHIL 2504/LING 2504/COMS 2504 or PHIL 3504/LING 3504, or permission of the Department of Philosophy or School of Linguistics and Language Studies.
Lectures three hours a week.
Language Processing and the Brain
Introduction to adult language processing and neurolinguistics. Psychological processes underlying speech production and perception, word recognition and sentence processing. Biological foundation and neuro-cognitive mechanisms of language. Experimental techniques and methodologies of current psycholinguistic studies.
Also listed as PSYC 3709.
Prerequisite(s): LING 1001 or PSYC 2700 and second-year standing, or permission of the instructor.
Lectures three hours a week.
Child Language
Milestones associated with the development of grammatical, pragmatic and metalinguistic competence from birth to about age ten, and the relative contributions of the environment, cognitive development and inborn knowledge to this development.
Also listed as PSYC 3508.
Prerequisite(s): LING 1001 and second-year standing, or permission of the instructor.
Lectures three hours a week.
Communication Differences and Disabilities II
An in-depth examination of select topics in the field of communication differences and disabilities. An emphasis is placed on theoretical accounts of specific differences and disabilities and the cross-linguistic evidence for these accounts. Specific topics may vary from year to year.
Prerequisite(s): LING 1001 and one of ALDS or LING 2604.
Lectures three hours a week.
Corpus Linguistics
Computer-assisted analysis of electronic collections of naturally occurring language. Applications in such areas as language variation, grammar, lexicology, phraseology, translation, and learner language.
Also listed as ALDS 3701.
Prerequisite(s): third-year standing in Applied Linguistics and Discourse Studies, or in Linguistics, or enrolment in the CTESL program, or permission of the instructor.
Lectures three hours a week.
Sociolinguistics
The place of language within society; bilingual and multilingual communities; language, social mobility and social stratification; sociolinguistic factors in language change.
Precludes additional credit for ALDS 2701 (no longer offered).
Prerequisite(s): ALDS 1001 and third-year standing.
Lecture three hours a week.
Structure of a Specific Language
Description and analysis of the structure of a specific language applying phonology, morphology, syntax, and semantics. Language to be studied will be announced in advance by the School.
Lectures three hours a week.
Historical Linguistics I
Language change; sound change; analogy; the comparative method; internal reconstruction; the philological method; historical linguistics and pre-history; language change and theories of grammar.
Language Typology and Universals
Cross-linguistic survey of syntactic and morphological patterns found in the languages of the world. Typological classification and identification of language universals.
Precludes additional credit for LING 3001.
Prerequisite(s): LING 2005.
Lectures three hours a week.
Independent Study
Research under the supervision of a member of the School. Normally available only to third- and fourth-year students in Linguistics.
Prerequisite(s): permission of the instructor.
Independent Study
Research under the supervision of a member of the School. Normally available only to third- and fourth-year students in Linguistics.
Prerequisite(s): permission of the instructor.
Syntax II
Advanced topics in syntax.
Precludes additional credit for LING 4002 (no longer offered).
Prerequisite(s): LING 3004 and third-year standing.
Seminars three hours a week.
Morphology II
Advanced topics in morphology.
Prerequisite(s): LING 3005 and third-year standing.
Seminars three hours a week.
Phonology II
Advanced topics in phonology.
Precludes additional credit for LING 4001 (no longer offered).
Prerequisite(s): LING 3007, and third-year standing.
Seminars three hours a week.
Special Topic in Linguistics
Examination of a topic or more specialized area in linguistics or language study. Topic to be announced. Repeatable for credit when the topic changes.
Also offered at the graduate level, with different requirements, as LING 5009, for which additional credit is precluded.
Seminars three hours a week.
Diversité du français
Études des variétés du français, dans ses dimensions spatiales. Le contenu précis de ce cours varie selon les années. Consulter le site web du Département de français pour obtenir les détails. The course is taught in French, but students will submit written assignments in English.
Prerequisite(s): FREN 2401 and FREN 3050, or permission of the Department.
Also offered at the graduate level, with different requirements, as FREN 5412 and LING 5412, for which additional credit is precluded.
Seminars three hours a week.
Diachronie du français
Étude du français, dans ses dimensions historiques. Le contenu précis de ce cours varie selon les années. Consulter le site web du Département de français pour obtenir les détails. The course is taught in French, but students will submit written assignments in English.
Prerequisite(s): FREN 2401 and FREN 3050, or permission of the Department.
Also offered at the graduate level, with different requirements, as FREN 5413 and LING 5413, for which additional credit is precluded.
Seminars three hours a week.
Analyse du français
Étude du français, dans ses dimensions morphologiques, syntaxiques ou phonologiques. Le contenu précis de ce cours varie selon les années. Consulter le site web du Département de français pour obtenir les détails. Course is taught in French, but students will submit written assignments in English.
Prerequisite(s): FREN 2401 and FREN 3050, or permission of the Department.
Also offered at the graduate level, with different requirements, as FREN 5414 and LING 5414, for which additional credit is precluded.
Seminars three hours a week.
Variation du français
Étude des variations internes de la langue, dans des dimensions orales/écrites. Le contenu précis de ce cours varie selon les années. Consulter le site web du Département de français pour obtenir les détails. Course is taught in French, but students submit assignments in English.
Prerequisite(s): FREN 2401 and FREN 3050, or permission of the Department.
Also offered at the graduate level, with different requirements, as FREN 5415 and LING 5415, for which additional credit is precluded.
Seminars three hours a week.
Formal Semantics
Advanced topics in compositional semantics and its interfaces. Topics may include: logic, semantic types, lambda calculus, intentional contexts, possible world semantics, interfaces with syntax and pragmatics quantification, anaphora, presupposition, implicatures, scope and binding, and model theory.
Also listed as PHIL 4505.
Prerequisite(s): LING 3505 or PHIL 3506, and third-year standing, or permission of the Department of Philosophy or School of Linguistics and Language Studies.
Seminars three hours a week.
Lexical Semantics
Study of the meaning of words. Topics may include lexical decomposition, meaning variation, lexical relations, and lexical aspect.
Also listed as PHIL 4055.
Precludes additional credit for LING 4055 (no longer offered).
Prerequisite(s): LING 3505 or PHIL 3506, and third-year standing.
Also offered at the graduate level, with different requirements, as LING 5510, for which additional credit is precluded.
Seminar three hours a week.
Cognitive Neuroscience of Language
Further study of psychological and neurolinguistic mechanisms of adult language processing. May include topics from first language acquisition.
Prerequisite(s): LING 3601 or permission of the instructor.
Also offered at the graduate level, with different requirements, as LING 5601, for which additional credit is precluded.
Seminars three hours a week.
First Language Acquisition
Advanced topics in language acquisition and development and the relative contributions of the environment, cognitive development, and inborn knowledge.
Prerequisite(s): LING 1001 and LING 3603.
Also offered at the graduate level, with different requirements, as LING 5603, for which additional credit is precluded.
Seminars three hours a week.
Practicum in Speech Language Pathology
Through seven-hour-a-week field placements, students pursue personal learning objectives concerning the clinical application of the psycholinguistics of communication disorders and cognitive development. A term paper integrates experiential knowledge gained in the placement with theoretical and empirical knowledge gained from the student’s program of study.
Prerequisite(s): LING 3604, fourth-year Honours standing in B.A. or B.Sc. in Linguistics with a Concentration in Psycholinguistics and Communication Disorders with a CGPA of 10.0 in the major, and permission from the School of Linguistics and Language Studies.
Field placement one day a week.
Psycholinguistic Research Methods
Experimental methodologies used in current psycholinguistic studies. Topics include experimental design and techniques, descriptive statistics, and interpreting and reporting research findings.
Precludes additional credit for LING 4009 Section "A" (2015-16 and 2016-17) and LING 4009 Section "B" (2013-14) and LING 4009 Section "C" (2017-18).
Prerequisite(s): third- or fourth-year Honours standing in Linguistics or Cognitive Science, or permission of the instructor.
Also offered at the graduate level, with different requirements, as LING 5605, for which additional credit is precluded.
Seminar three hours a week.
Statistics for Language Research
Application of statistical procedures to analysis of language data and to problems of measurement in experimental linguistics, applied linguistics, psycholinguistics, and related fields.
Also listed as ALDS 4606.
Precludes additional credit for ALDS 4906/LING 4009 Section "B" if taken Winter 2015 or Winter 2016.
Prerequisite(s): Third-year standing in Linguistics or Applied Linguistics and Discourse Studies or Cognitive Science, or permission of the instructor.
Also offered at the graduate level, with different requirements, as LING 5606 and ALDS 5604, for which additional credit is precluded.
Seminar three hours a week.
Linguistic Field Methods
With a language consultant, students discover the phonological, morphological, and syntactic structures of the target language using linguistic elicitation. Language will vary from year to year, but will normally be a non-European language. Language documentation, data management, ethical issues surrounding research in Indigenous communities.
Prerequisite(s): LING 2005 and LING 2007.
Also offered at the graduate level, with different requirements, as ALDS 5801, for which additional credit is precluded.
Lectures three hours a week.
Historical Linguistics: English
A theory-intensive course that will study the development of English starting with Proto-Indo-European progressing through Common Germanic to the stages of English itself. Topics include phonological sound changes, phonemic inventories, and morphological and syntactic typology.
Prerequisite(s): LING 2005 and LING 2007, and one of LING 3005, LING 3810 or LING 3811.
Also offered at the graduate level, with different requirements, as LING 5802, ENGL 5101., for which additional credit is precluded.
Seminars three hours a week.
Old English
Studies in Old English literature and its cultural and historical contexts. Instruction in grammar to facilitate reading knowledge of the Old English language.
Precludes additional credit for ENGL 3102 (no longer offered).
Prerequisite(s): fourth-year standing or permission of the department.
Seminar or lecture three hours a week.
Independent Study in Linguistics
Permits fourth-year Honours students to pursue their interests in a selected area of linguistics.
Independent Study in Linguistics
Permits fourth-year Honours students to pursue their interests in a selected area of linguistics.
Honours Project in Experimental Linguistics
Students choose existing study in linguistic literature, replicate the study, present findings, compare to original study. Practical experience gathering and preparing materials, running experiments, analyzing data, interpreting findings; real, important contributions to the field of linguistics via replication studies (as mandated by the scientific method).
Precludes additional credit for LING 4910.
Prerequisite(s): fourth-year Honours standing in Linguistics, with a Major CGPA of 9.0, and permission of the instructor.
Unscheduled.
Honours Thesis in Linguistics
Open to all candidates for the B.A. (Honours) in Linguistics. A thesis project selected in consultation with the School and carried out under the direction of a faculty supervisor.
Precludes additional credit for LING 4905.
Prerequisite(s): fourth-year Honours standing in Linguistics with a CGPA of 10.0 in the major; one of LING 3004, LING 3007, LING 3505, or LING 3601; and permission of the instructor.
Note: Not all courses listed are offered in a given year. For an up-to-date statement of course offerings for the current session and to determine the term of offering, consult the class schedule at central.carleton.ca.
Summer session: some of the courses listed in this Calendar are offered during the summer. Hours and scheduling for summer session courses will differ significantly from those reported in the fall/winter Calendar. To determine the scheduling and hours for summer session classes, consult the class schedule at central.carleton.ca
School Language Proficiency Requirement
Students in B.A. Honours, Combined Honours, or 15 credit programs of the School of Linguistics and Language Studies are required, at graduation, to have a working knowledge of a language other than English. Proficiency is determined by successful completion of a 1.0 credit university course in the language or by an oral or written test given by the School.
B.Sc. Regulations
The regulations presented in this section apply to all Bachelor of Science programs. In addition to the requirements presented here, students must satisfy the University regulations common to all undergraduate students including the process of Academic Continuation Evaluation (see the Academic Regulations of the University section of this Calendar).
Breadth Requirement for the B.Sc.
Students in a Bachelor of Science program must present the following credits at graduation:
- 2.0 credits in Science Continuation courses not in the major discipline; students completing a double major are considered to have completed this requirement providing they have 2.0 credits in Science Continuation courses in each of the two majors;
- 2.0 credits in courses outside of the faculties of Science and Engineering and Design (may include NSCI 1000)
In most cases, the requirements for individual B.Sc. programs, as stated in this Calendar, contain these requirements, explicitly or implicitly.
Students admitted to B.Sc. programs by transfer from another institution must present at graduation (whether taken at Carleton or elsewhere):
- 2.0 credits in courses outside of the faculties of Science and Engineering and Design (may include NSCI 1000) if the student received fewer than 10.0 transfer credits; or,
- 1.0 credit in courses outside of the faculties of Science and Engineering and Design (may include NSCI 1000) if the student received 10.0 or more transfer credits.
Declared and Undeclared Students
Degree students are considered "Undeclared" if they have been admitted to a degree, but have not yet selected and been accepted into a program within that degree. The status "Undeclared" is available only in the B.A. and B.Sc. degrees. Undeclared students must apply to enter a program upon or before completing 3.5 credits.
Change of Program within the B.Sc. Degree
To transfer to a program within the B.Sc. degree, applicants must normally be Eligible to Continue (EC) in the new program, by meeting the CGPA thresholds described in Section 3.1.10 of the Academic Regulations of the University.
Applications to declare or change programs within the B.Sc. degree must be made online through Carleton Central by completing a Change of Program Elements (COPE) application form within the published deadlines. Acceptance into a program, or into a program element or option, is subject to any enrolment limitations, and/or specific program, program element or option requirements as published in the relevant Calendar entry.
Minors, Concentrations, and Specializations
Students may add a Minor, Concentration, or Specialization by completing a Change of Program Elements (COPE) application form online through Carleton Central. Acceptance into a Minor, Concentration, or Specialization normally requires that the student be Eligible to Continue (EC) and is meeting the minimum CGPAs described in Section 3.1.9 of the Academic Regulations of the University, as well as being subject to any specific requirements of the intended Minor, Concentration, or Specialization as published in the relevant Calendar entry.
Experimental Science Requirement
Students in a B.Sc. degree program must present at graduation at least two full credits of Experimental Science chosen from two different departments or institutes from the list below:
Approved Experimental Science Courses | ||
Biochemistry | ||
BIOC 2200 [0.5] | Cellular Biochemistry | |
BIOC 4001 [0.5] | Methods in Biochemistry | |
BIOC 4201 [0.5] | Advanced Cell Culture and Tissue Engineering | |
Biology | ||
BIOL 1103 [0.5] | Foundations of Biology I | |
BIOL 1104 [0.5] | Foundations of Biology II | |
BIOL 2001 [0.5] | Animals: Form and Function | |
BIOL 2002 [0.5] | Plants: Form and Function | |
BIOL 2104 [0.5] | Introductory Genetics | |
BIOL 2200 [0.5] | Cellular Biochemistry | |
BIOL 2600 [0.5] | Ecology | |
Chemistry | ||
CHEM 1001 [0.5] | General Chemistry I | |
CHEM 1002 [0.5] | General Chemistry II | |
CHEM 1005 [0.5] | Elementary Chemistry I | |
CHEM 1006 [0.5] | Elementary Chemistry II | |
CHEM 2103 [0.5] | Physical Chemistry I | |
CHEM 2203 [0.5] | Organic Chemistry I | |
CHEM 2204 [0.5] | Organic Chemistry II | |
CHEM 2302 [0.5] | Analytical Chemistry I | |
CHEM 2303 [0.5] | Analytical Chemistry II | |
CHEM 2800 [0.5] | Foundations for Environmental Chemistry | |
Earth Sciences | ||
ERTH 1006 [0.5] | Exploring Planet Earth | |
ERTH 1009 [0.5] | The Earth System Through Time | |
ERTH 2102 [0.5] | Mineralogy to Petrology | |
ERTH 2404 [0.5] | Engineering Geoscience | |
ERTH 2802 [0.5] | Field Geology I | |
ERTH 3111 [0.5] | Vertebrate Evolution: Mammals, Reptiles, and Birds | |
ERTH 3112 [0.5] | Vertebrate Evolution: Fish and Amphibians | |
ERTH 3204 [0.5] | Mineral Deposits | |
ERTH 3205 [0.5] | Physical Hydrogeology | |
ERTH 3806 [0.5] | Structural Geology | |
Food Sciences | ||
FOOD 3001 [0.5] | Food Chemistry | |
FOOD 3002 [0.5] | Food Analysis | |
FOOD 3005 [0.5] | Food Microbiology | |
Geography | ||
GEOG 1010 [0.5] | Global Environmental Systems | |
GEOG 3108 [0.5] | Soil Properties | |
Neuroscience | ||
NEUR 3206 [0.5] | Sensory and Motor Neuroscience | |
NEUR 3207 [0.5] | Systems Neuroscience | |
NEUR 4600 [0.5] | Advanced Lab in Neuroanatomy | |
Physics | ||
PHYS 1001 [0.5] | Foundations of Physics I | |
PHYS 1002 [0.5] | Foundations of Physics II | |
PHYS 1003 [0.5] | Introductory Mechanics and Thermodynamics | |
PHYS 1004 [0.5] | Introductory Electromagnetism and Wave Motion | |
PHYS 1007 [0.5] | Elementary University Physics I | |
PHYS 1008 [0.5] | Elementary University Physics II | |
PHYS 2202 [0.5] | Wave Motion and Optics | |
PHYS 2604 [0.5] | Modern Physics I | |
PHYS 3007 [0.5] | Third Year Physics Laboratory: Selected Experiments and Seminars | |
PHYS 3606 [0.5] | Modern Physics II | |
PHYS 3608 [0.5] | Modern Applied Physics |
Course Categories for B.Sc. Programs
Science Geography Courses | ||
GEOG 1010 [0.5] | Global Environmental Systems | |
GEOG 2006 [0.5] | Introduction to Quantitative Research | |
GEOG 2013 [0.5] | Weather and Water | |
GEOG 2014 [0.5] | The Earth's Surface | |
GEOG 3003 [0.5] | Quantitative Geography | |
GEOG 3010 [0.5] | Field Methods in Physical Geography | |
GEOG 3102 [0.5] | Geomorphology | |
GEOG 3103 [0.5] | Watershed Hydrology | |
GEOG 3104 [0.5] | Principles of Biogeography | |
GEOG 3105 [0.5] | Climate and Atmospheric Change | |
GEOG 3106 [0.5] | Aquatic Science and Management | |
GEOG 3108 [0.5] | Soil Properties | |
GEOG 4000 [0.5] | Field Studies | |
GEOG 4005 [0.5] | Directed Studies in Geography | |
GEOG 4013 [0.5] | Cold Region Hydrology | |
GEOG 4017 [0.5] | Global Biogeochemical Cycles | |
GEOG 4101 [0.5] | Two Million Years of Environmental Change | |
GEOG 4103 [0.5] | Water Resources Engineering | |
GEOG 4104 [0.5] | Microclimatology | |
GEOG 4108 [0.5] | Permafrost |
Science Psychology Courses | ||
PSYC 2001 [0.5] | Introduction to Research Methods in Psychology | |
PSYC 2002 [0.5] | Introduction to Statistics in Psychology | |
PSYC 2700 [0.5] | Introduction to Cognitive Psychology | |
PSYC 3000 [1.0] | Design and Analysis in Psychological Research | |
PSYC 3506 [0.5] | Cognitive Development | |
PSYC 3700 [1.0] | Cognition (Honours Seminar) | |
PSYC 3702 [0.5] | Perception | |
PSYC 2307 [0.5] | Human Neuropsychology I | |
PSYC 3307 [0.5] | Human Neuropsychology II |
Science Continuation Courses | ||
A course at the 2000 level or above may be used as a Science Continuation credit in a B.Sc. program if it is not in the student's major discipline, and is chosen from the following: | ||
BIOC (Biochemistry) | ||
BIOL (Biology) Biochemistry students may use BIOL 2005 only as a free elective. | ||
CHEM (Chemistry) | ||
COMP (Computer Science) A maximum of two half-credits at the 1000-level in COMP, excluding COMP 1001 may be used as Science Continuation credits. | ||
Engineering. Students wishing to register in Engineering courses must obtain the permission of the Faculty of Engineering and Design. | ||
ENSC (Environmental Science) | ||
FOOD (Food Science and Nutrition) | ||
GEOM (Geomatics) | ||
HLTH (Health Sciences) | ||
ISAP (Interdisciplinary Science Practice) | ||
MATH (Mathematics) | ||
NEUR (Neuroscience) | ||
PHYS (Physics), except PHYS 2903 | ||
Science Geography Courses (see list above) | ||
Science Psychology Courses (see list above) | ||
STAT (Statistics) | ||
TSES (Technology, Society, Environment) except TSES 2305. Biology students may use these courses only as free electives. Integrated Science and Environmental Science students may include these courses in their programs but may not count them as part of the Science Sequence. |
Science Faculty Electives | ||
Science Faculty Electives are courses at the 1000-4000 level chosen from: | ||
BIOC (Biochemistry) | ||
COMP (Computer Science) except COMP 1001 | ||
Engineering | ||
FOOD (Food Science and Nutrition) | ||
GEOM (Geomatics) | ||
HLTH (Health Science) | ||
ISAP (Interdisciplinary Science Practice) | ||
MATH (Mathematics) | ||
NEUR (Neuroscience) | ||
Science Geography (see list above) | ||
Science Psychology (see list above) | ||
STAT (Statistics) | ||
TSES (Technology, Society, Environment) Biology students may use these courses only as free electives. |
Advanced Science Faculty Electives | ||
Advanced Science Faculty Electives are courses at the 2000-4000 level chosen from the Science Faculty Electives list above. |
Approved Courses Outside the Faculties of Science and Engineering and Design (may include NSCI 1000) | ||
All courses offered by the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, the Faculty of Public Affairs, and the Sprott School of Business are approved as Arts or Social Sciences courses EXCEPT FOR: All Science Geography courses (see list above), all Geomatics (GEOM) courses, all Science Psychology courses (see list above). NSCI 1000 may be used as an Approved Course Outside the Faculties of Science and Engineering and Design. |
Free Electives | ||
Any course is allowable as a Free Elective providing it is not prohibited (see below). Students are expected to comply with prerequisite requirements and enrolment restrictions for all courses as published in this Calendar. | ||
Courses Allowable Only as Free Electives in any B.Sc. Program | ||
BIOL 4810 [0.5] | Education Research in Biology | |
CHEM 1003 [0.5] | The Chemistry of Food, Health and Drugs | |
CHEM 1004 [0.5] | Drugs and the Human Body | |
CHEM 1007 [0.5] | Chemistry of Art and Artifacts | |
ERTH 1010 [0.5] | Our Dynamic Planet Earth | |
ERTH 1011 [0.5] | Evolution of the Earth | |
ERTH 2415 [0.5] | Natural Disasters | |
ISCI 1001 [0.5] | Introduction to the Environment | |
ISCI 2000 [0.5] | Natural Laws | |
ISCI 2002 [0.5] | Human Impacts on the Environment | |
MATH 0107 [0.5] | Algebra and Geometry | |
PHYS 1901 [0.5] | Planetary Astronomy | |
PHYS 1902 [0.5] | From our Star to the Cosmos | |
PHYS 1905 [0.5] | Physics Behind Everyday Life | |
PHYS 2903 [0.5] | Physics Towards the Future | |
Prohibited Courses | ||
The following courses are not acceptable for credit in any B.Sc. program: | ||
COMP 1001 [0.5] | Introduction to Computational Thinking for Arts and Social Science Students | |
MATH 0005 [0.5] | Precalculus: Functions and Graphs | |
MATH 0006 [0.5] | Precalculus: Trigonometric Functions and Complex Numbers | |
MATH 1009 [0.5] | Mathematics for Business | |
MATH 1119 [0.5] | Linear Algebra: with Applications to Business | |
MATH 1401 [0.5] | Elementary Mathematics for Economics I | |
MATH 1402 [0.5] | Elementary Mathematics for Economics II |
Admissions Information
Admission requirements are based on the Ontario High School System. Prospective students can view the admission requirements through the Admissions website at admissions.carleton.ca. The overall average required for admission is determined each year on a program-by-program basis. Holding the minimum admission requirements only establishes eligibility for consideration; higher averages are required for admission to programs for which the demand for places by qualified applicants exceeds the number of places available. All programs have limited enrolment and admission is not guaranteed. Some programs may also require specific course prerequisites and prerequisite averages and/or supplementary admission portfolios. Consult admissions.carleton.ca for further details.
Note: If a course is listed as recommended, it is not mandatory for admission. Students who do not follow the recommendations will not be disadvantaged in the admission process.
Degrees
- B.Sc. (Honours)
- B.Sc. (Major)
- B.Sc.
Admission Requirements
B. Sc. Honours
First Year
The Ontario Secondary School Diploma (OSSD) or equivalent including a minimum of six 4U or M courses. For most programs including Biochemistry, Bioinformatics, Biotechnology, Chemistry, Combined Honours in Biology and Physics, Chemistry and Physics, Computational Biochemistry, Food Science, Nanoscience, Neuroscience and Biology, Neuroscience and Mental Health, and Psychology, the six 4U or M courses must include Advanced Functions, and two of Biology, Chemistry, Earth and Space Sciences, or Physics. (Calculus and Vectors is strongly recommended).
Specific Honours Admission Requirements
For the Honours programs in Earth Sciences, Environmental Science, Geomatics, Interdisciplinary Science and Practice, and Physical Geography, Calculus and Vectors may be substituted for Advanced Functions.
For the Honours programs in Physics and Applied Physics, and for double Honours in Mathematics and Physics, Calculus and Vectors is required in addition to Advanced Functions and one of 4U Physics, Chemistry, Biology, or Earth and Space Sciences. For all programs in Physics, 4U Physics is strongly recommended.
For Honours in Psychology, a 4U course in English is recommended.
For Honours in Environmental Science, a 4U course in Biology and Chemistry is recommended.
Advanced Standing
Applications for admission beyond first year will be assessed on their merits. Applicants must normally be Eligible to Continue in their year level, in addition to meeting the CGPA thresholds described in Section 3.1.9 of the Academic Regulations of the University. Advanced standing will be granted only for those subjects deemed appropriate for the program and stream selected.
B.Sc. Major and B.Sc.
First Year
The Ontario Secondary School Diploma (OSSD) or equivalent including a minimum of six 4U or M courses. The six 4U or M courses must include Advanced Functions and two of Calculus and Vectors, Biology, Chemistry, Earth and Space Science, or Physics (Calculus and Vectors is strongly recommended). For the B.Sc. Major in Physics, 4U Physics is strongly recommended.
Advanced Standing
Applications for admission beyond first year will be assessed on their merits. Applicants must normally be Eligible to Continue (EC) in their year level. Advanced standing will be granted only for those subjects deemed appropriate for the program and stream selected.
Co-op Option
Direct Admission to the First Year of the Co-op Option
Applicants must:
- meet the required overall admission cut-off average and prerequisite course average. These averages may be higher than the stated minimum requirements;
- be registered as a full-time student in the Bachelor of Science Honours program;
- be eligible to work in Canada (for off-campus work placements).
Note that meeting the above requirements only establishes eligibility for admission to the program. The prevailing job market may limit enrolment in the co-op option.
Note: continuation requirements for students previously admitted to the co-op option and admission requirements for the co-op option after beginning the program are described in the Co-operative Education Regulations section of this Calendar.